Reproduction of a stand through its own seed or seed input from neighboring stands (self-seeding), and less commonly through vegetative propagation (stump sprouts, root suckers). Various methods have been developed for silviculturally used tree species to initiate natural regeneration, such as shelterwood cutting, group selection cutting, and strip cutting. Today, natural regeneration often develops spontaneously without specific silvicultural interventions within the framework of target-diameter harvesting.
- INTRODUCTION
- BASIC ASPECTS OF (EUROPEAN) FOREST RESOURCES
- ECOLOGY OF TREES (autecology)
- FOREST ECOLOGY (synecology)
- REGIONAL FOREST TYPES (Forest biomes)
- FOREST STAND DESCRIPTION (inventory and monitoring)
- SILVICULTURE
- FOREST MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
- APPLICATIONS, EXAMPLES, AND CASE STUDIES
- 59. Regional silvicultural systems
- 60. Forest enterprises
- 61. Field experiments
- 62. Model forests
- 63. Urban forests
- 64. Case: Scandinavian industrial forestry
- 65. Case: City forest
- 66. Case: Atlantic production forest
- 67. Case: Mountain forest
- 68. Case: Mediterranean forest / Agroforestry
- 69. Case: Central European state forest enterprise
- 70. Case: central European private forest estate
- 71. Case: forest management for conservation
- OUTLOOK